液压冲击装置的设计
摘要
随着钻探行业的不断进步和发展,各式各样的钻探器具不断的被应用到现实生活中,用来提供钻探动力,在这当中,钻探器具的研发设计显得尤为重要,也不断地被应用到各大钻探领域的工序当中,用来钻探坚硬地质层。钻探行业蓬勃发展,钻探器具需求增多,器具的研发设计也不断提档升级。
钻探领域中运用最广泛的动力机具就是液压冲击器,冲击器的使用,在提高钻进效率、解决坚硬地层成孔等方面,发挥了很大的作用。目前所使用的冲击器,按其动力介质来分,主要有水力驱动和空气驱动两种。前者称为液动冲击器,后者称为风动冲击器。两种冲击器,不论在生产方面还是使用方面,其技术已趋成熟,而且市场上都有相应规格的成品销售。油压冲击器,是以液压油为动力介质的冲击机械。与上述两种冲击器相比,液压冲击器具有输出功率大、能量利用率高、使用寿命长、环保等优点。
液压行业中现在新兴的一种单元组件叫做集成阀组,因为他有着体积小、重量轻、功能强、成本低等特性,不断地被设计研究应用到现实的液压系统中,起着至关重要的作用。液压集成阀组是由一个阀块根据液压原理油路进行加工不同的流道,实现一个底座功能,再配装上各种控制阀,从而实现了一个系统单元组,大大的节省了空间和成本,提高了性能,方便了用户,本文设计的液压冲击装置的缸体就是采用铸造流道的集成阀块的形式,把所需的阀安装在这个铸造阀体上,然后配上各种流道孔,实现液压冲击装置的载体功能。
本文介绍的是一种新型的液压冲击装置,本装置的缸体采用了铸造流道的工艺,同时铸造缸体起着集成阀块的作用,把所需的控制阀组安装在这个阀块上,并且加工出主孔道和控制阀芯孔道,所有的功能都集中在这个铸造缸体上,起着主载体的作用,同时采用铸造流道会大大减少压力损失,提高整个阀组的通油能力,减少能量损失,提到效率,降低成本,并且整个装置占用空间小,比较集约。
本设计在满足液压冲击器的各个功能的前提下,采用液压作为驱动力,铸造缸体作为载体,控制阀作为控制元件,是一种新型的设计方案,有着广阔的前景。
关键词钻探;冲击器;液压;铸造流道;压力损失;集约;效率;新型;前景;
Design of Hydraulic impact device
Abstract
With the continuous progress and development of drilling industry, a variety of drilling tools have been continuously applied to real life to provide drilling power, in which the design of drilling tools is particularly important, it has also been used to drill hard geological formations in various drilling operations. The drilling industry is booming, the demand for drilling tools is increasing, and the R & D and design of drilling tools are constantly upgraded.
Hydraulic impactor is the most widely used power tool in drilling field. The use of impactor plays an important role in improving drilling efficiency and solving the problem of drilling holes in hard formation. At present, the impactor used, according to its dynamic medium to be divided, there are mainly two kinds of hydraulic drive and air drive. The former is called hydraulic impactor, the latter is called pneumatic impactor. Two kinds of impactor, no matter in the production or use, its technology has become mature, and the market has the corresponding specifications of the finished product sales. The hydraulic impactor is an impact machine which takes hydraulic oil as the power medium. Compared with the above two impactors, the hydraulic impactor has the advantages of large output power, high energy utilization, long service life and environmental protection.
A new type of unit in hydraulic industry is called Integrated Valve Group, because of its small size, light weight, strong function and low cost, it has been designed and applied to the real hydraulic system, play a vital role. The Hydraulic Integrated Valve Group is composed of a valve block which processes different flow channels according to the hydraulic principle, realizes a base function, and then assembles various control valves, thus realizes a system unit group, greatly saves the space and the cost, the cylinder block of the hydraulic impact device designed in this paper is an integrated valve block in the form of a casting flow passage, and the required valve is installed on the casting valve body, and then equipped with various flow passage holes, the carrier function of the hydraulic impact device is realized.
A new type of hydraulic impact device is introduced in this paper. The cylinder body of the device adopts the process of casting flow passage. At the same time, the casting cylinder body acts as an integrated valve block and installs the required control Valve Group on the Valve Block, and processing out of the main hole and control valve core hole, all the functions are concentrated in this casting cylinder, playing the role of the main carrier, while the casting runner will greatly reduce the pressure loss, improve the oil flow capacity of the entire valve group, reduce Energy loss, efficiency, cost reduction, and the entire device takes up less space, more intensive.
Under the premise of satisfying the functions of hydraulic impactor, this design adopts hydraulic pressure as driving force, casting cylinder body as carrier and Control Valve as control element.
Keywords Drilling; impactor; hydraulic; casting runner; pressure loss; intensive; efficiency; new type; prospect;
目录
摘要I
Abstract II
1绪论1
1.1课题研究背景1
1.2研究现状4
1.3研究目的和意义5
1.4主要研究设计内容6
2液压冲击器整体设计与原理分析8
2.1基本参数8
2.2液压系统原理图的设计8
2.3液压系统原理图的分析9
2.4冲击器结构原理图11
2.5冲击器结构原理图的分析11
3冲击器主要零部件选型设计计算与分析13
3.1冲击器主要零部件的设计计算13
3.1.1活塞的设计计算13
3.1.2缸体孔道的设计计算14
3.1.3滑阀阀芯的设计计算15
3.1.4滑阀阀芯的受力计算16
3.1.5滑阀性能计算18
3.1.6强度校核20
3.2冲击器主要部件的选型21
3.2.1溢流阀的选型与分析21
3.2.2蓄能器的选型与分析22
3.3冲击器缸体铸件毛坯的确定22
3.3.1缸体铸件材料的选择22
3.3.2缸体铸造注意事项27
3.4缸体机加工工艺流程24
3.4.1缸体加工基准的选择24
3.4.2缸体加工工艺方法25
3.4.3缸体集成块加工阶段的划分26
3.4.4缸体集成块加工顺序的安排27
3.4.5拟定工艺路线28
3.4.6确定加工余量29
4缸体集成块装配调试与设计要点30
4.1缸体集成块装配注意事项30
4.2缸体集成块装配与调试要求30
4.3缸体集成块设计要点及禁忌总结31
5常见故障与排除方法33
5.1机械部分故障与排除方法33
5.2液压部分故障与排除方法35
致谢45
参考文献46
1绪论
1.1课题研究背景
液压冲击机械从最初的液压凿岩机及液压碎石器用于钻孔作业及矿石二次破碎,发展到目前用于隧道挖掘、建筑物拆除、路面清理及水下冲击作业等行业在应用过程中,液压冲击器主要以液压泵为动力源,液压油为工作介质,将液体压力能转换为冲击机械动能,实现破碎等需求。
国外液压冲击装置的研究工作开始于20世纪50年代。1967年德国克虏伯(Krupp)公司研制出了第一台实用HM400型液压冲击器;1970年法国蒙塔贝特公司研制出世界上第一台实用H50型液压凿岩机。与传统的气动冲击机械相比,液压冲击机械具有能耗低、效率高、易于实现自动化等优点,因而在矿业开采和道路建设中得到广泛应用。
国内液压冲击器的研究工作始于20世纪70年代中期,当时只有中南工业大学、长沙矿冶研究院及北京钢铁学院等机构在引进国外产品的基础上进行国产化研究。1980年由长沙矿冶研究院等单位研制成功了我国第一台YYG80型液压凿岩机,至90年代末,我国先后有YYG80及TYYG20等10种机型通过了技术鉴定。近年,湖南山河智能工程机械公司的SWB系列破碎锤成为国产冲击机械的代表,马鞍山惊天液压公司的YB系列破碎锤已达到国际先进水平。目前,国内除少数企业具有自主研发液压冲击器的能力外,大部分企业技术创新相对滞后,短时间内核心技术及关键部件仍将主要依靠进口。液压冲击器的发展主要在于冲击器模型的建立、仿真技术的运用、冲击控制系统的研究及冲击试验测试等技术方面的进步,就此对国内外冲击器研究进行归纳,并对其技术发展做出展望。
发展趋势:
随着液压冲击器市场的不断延伸,国外各大冲击器生产企业早已着眼于冲击器的新型市场,并按用户需求开发出不同性能的产品以满足用户的使用需求;国内主要冲击器
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