三维数控龙门雕刻机机电系统设计
摘要：近年来制造业对单件、小批量、高精度、复杂形体的零件加工要求越来越高，数控雕刻机以其生产效率高、功能全面、通用性好、价格便宜等优点迅速在模具、装饰品、电子产品等行业有了广泛的应用。其中龙门雕刻机以其加工精度高，工作性能好得到了广泛的应用和推广。
本文以三维数控固定龙门雕刻机的机电系统设计为例，结合雕刻加工的小刀具、高速加工的特点，分析了台式数控龙门雕刻机Z轴的设计过程，包括机床总体方案设计、主传动系统设计和Z向进给传动系统的机械结构设计。Z向进给传动系统中主要分析了丝杠的安装，以及相关固定和支承。计算主要有两个方面：对滚珠丝杠和Z轴电机的选择计算和校核。为了提高分析的准确性，我对横梁结构进行了有限元分析。此外，我还进行了数控系统的选择，数控系统是机床自动化的重要组成部分,其性能直接影响到加工的精度、效率及生产企业的效益。本文详细介绍了数控系统及驱动单元的原理及其优缺点,如何选择性价比最好、最合适的数控系统及驱动单元。
通过对数控雕刻机的总体及零部件设计，得出了一套关于三维雕刻机的系统设计方案及准则。课题通过资料查阅和软件仿真相结合的方法实现机械结构的优化设计，具有一定的实用意义和参考价值。
关键字：雕刻机，滚珠丝杠，Z轴电机，有限元分析，数控系统，优化设计
Abstract
In recent years, the manufacturing industry has increasingly higher requirements for the processing of single-piece, small-batch, high-precision, and complex-shaped parts. CNC engraving machines are rapidly developing molds due to their high production efficiency, comprehensive functions, good versatility, and low price , Decorations, electronic products and other industries have a wide range of applications. Among them, the gantry engraving machine has been widely used and promoted for its high processing accuracy and good working performance.
This paper takes the electromechanical system design of a three-dimensional CNC fixed gantry engraving machine as an example, combined with the characteristics of small cutting tools and high-speed processing, and analyzes the design process of the Z-axis of the desktop CNC gantry engraving machine, including the overall plan design of the machine tool and the design of the main drive system. And the mechanical structure design of Z-direction feed drive system. The Z-direction feed drive system mainly analyzes the installation of the lead screw, as well as the related fixing and support. There are two main aspects of calculation: calculation and verification of the selection of ball screw and Z-axis motor. In order to improve the accuracy of the analysis, I conducted a finite element analysis of the beam structure. In addition, I also selected the numerical control system. The numerical control system is an important part of the machine tool automation, and its performance directly affects the processing accuracy, efficiency and the benefit of the production enterprise. This article introduces the principle and advantages and disadvantages of CNC system and drive unit in detail, and how to choose the most suitable and cost-effective CNC system and drive unit.
Through the overall design of the CNC engraving machine and its parts, a set of system design schemes and guidelines for the three-dimensional engraving machine are derived. The subject realizes the optimization design of the mechanical structure through the method of combining information review and software simulation, which has certain practical significance and reference value.
Keywords: engraving machine, ball screw, Z-axis motor, finite element analysis, numerical control system, optimized design
目录
摘要6
Abstract 7
1.引言10
1.1雕刻机概述10
1.2雕刻机的发展现状10
1.3研制雕刻机的目的和意义11
1.4雕刻机的未来发展趋势11
2.设计任务12
2.1设计概述12
2.2设计目的12
2.3设计要求12
2.4主要任务13
3．雕刻机的总体结构布局14
3.1雕刻机总体布局的基本要求14
3.2影响雕刻机布局的基本因素14
3.3坐标系的确定15
3.4三维雕刻机的机械结构16
3.4.1进给系统16
3.5三维雕刻机的电气结构19
3.6三维雕刻机的工作原理图20
4.典型零件工艺分析20
4.1滚珠丝杠工艺分析20
4.2 T型台工艺分析21
4.3三轴滑块工艺分析21
5.三坐标数控雕刻机机电系统的设计22
5.1设计参数的确定22
5.2机械系统基本计算22
5.2.1确定系统脉冲当量22
5.2.2刀具的选用23
5.2.3导轨与滑块选型24
5.2.4导轨与滑块结构25
5.2.6滑块行程设计25
5.2.7丝杠设计（以Z轴为例） 27
5.2.8刚度验算28
5.2.9压杆稳定性验算30
5.2.8传动比的确定30
5.3驱动部件选型31
5.3.1电主轴选型31
5.3.2 AC伺服电动机选择（以Z轴电机为例） 32
6.横梁结构的有限元模态分析及优化35
6.1有限元模态分析35
6.2横梁结构的优化37
6.2.1龙门横梁CAE模型建立37
6.2.2龙门横梁静力学分析37
7.电气系统设计39
7.1三菱控制系统39
7.2变频器的控制程序43
8.数控系统的选用46
8.1 NC选型46
8.2分析优点及选择50
8.3数控系统接线及输入输出接口51
8.4插补法58
8.5控制程序60
9．结论63
9.1总结63
9.2数控雕刻机的发展展望63
参考文献64
致谢65
附录66
1.引言
1.1雕刻机概述
雕刻是一门传统的工艺，在中国的古代便已经有雕刻这门技术。而如今我们不在是通过手工来进行雕刻，而是通过机器来实现雕刻工艺。随着市场需求不断扩大，雕刻工艺涉及到了方方面面，不仅是在首饰、工艺品等行业，很多日用品也需要雕刻工艺，所以这使得雕刻工艺走向自动化发展成为必然。
从工艺上，雕刻可分为全自由度空间雕刻、三维立体雕刻和二维平面雕刻。其中，全自由度空间雕刻主要用于一些形状复杂的工艺品或大型艺术作品的雕刻，如玉雕、冰雕、沙雕等；这些制品往往注重艺术创作性，制品的形状复杂、随意性强、工艺性差；因此这类产品
雕刻机CAD总装图
PLC控制系统接线图
X轴滚珠丝杠丝母
Y轴滑块
部装图
